Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a research-validated treatment modality that has shown consistently good outcomes in treating conditions such as Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The exact mechanisms behind why EMDR works have not been definitively determined, but several theories are actively being explored. If you are interested in learning more about some of the more technical underpinnings of this treatment, below are some of the main proposals that have been offered as to why and how it works:
Dual Attention Stimulus (DAS) Hypothesis
EMDR combines the recollection of distressing memories with bilateral stimulation (BLS) (e.g., eye movements, physical tapping, or auditory tones played through headphones). This simultaneous action of focusing the brain on a traumatic memory and introducing a rhythmic external stimulus may help reprocess the memory in a less distressing way. The hypothesis is that a dual focus on both the traumatic memory and the external stimulus is believed to reduce the vividness and emotional intensity of the memory, facilitating a more adaptive integration of the traumatic experience.
Working Memory Hypothesis
Holding a traumatic memory in one’s mind while simultaneously engaging in a task that requires working memory (such as tracking a moving object with eye movements) taxes cognitive resources. This dual-tasking may weaken the emotional impact of the traumatic memory because the brain’s limited working memory capacity is shared between recalling the memory and visually tracking the bilateral stimulus, thus reducing the memory’s vividness and emotional charge.
Neurobiological Changes/Action
BLS during EMDR might induce brain function and structure changes. Some research has suggested that EMDR may influence neural pathways involved in memory processing, such as the amygdala (emotion processing), hippocampus (memory consolidation), and prefrontal cortex (cognitive control). These changes that occur from EMDR are potentially responsible for facilitating the reprocessing and integration of traumatic memories.
Accelerated Information Processing (AIP) Model
This theory proposes that EMDR activates the brain’s natural information processing system, similar to during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. According to the AIP model, distressing memories are inadequately processed and stored in isolation from adaptive memories. EMDR helps link these isolated traumatic memories with more adaptive information, leading to a resolution of distress and the integration of the memory in a healthier way.
Conditioning and Desensitization
EMDR might function similarly to classical conditioning. The BLS serves as a conditioned stimulus that gradually becomes associated with a sense of safety and calm. Over time, this association can reduce the emotional distress linked to the traumatic memory, desensitizing the person to the memory’s impact.
Psycho-physiological Relaxation
BLS can induce a state of relaxation and reduce physiological arousal. This relaxed state can help clients process traumatic memories without becoming overwhelmed by anxiety or distress, making it easier to reprocess and integrate the memories.
EMDR: An Effective Way for Trauma Recovery
Even as the exact mechanisms behind EMDR’s effectiveness are still being studied, multiple factors likely contribute to its success. What we know is that the combination of focusing on traumatic memories while engaging in BLS facilitates reprocessing and integrating such memories. This process appears to reduce distress meaningfully and contributes to improved psychological functioning. EMDR should always be practiced with a trained clinician who can help contain, guide, and support a client undergoing this therapeutic work. Every provider at The Catalyst Center is trained in EMDR and can help determine if such a treatment is right for you and your situation. Learn more about EMDR and our trauma therapy team: https://catalystcenterllc.com/emdr/
EMDRIA also has ample articles and research available to anyone wanting to learn more.
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